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Kamo, real name Simon Arshaki Ter-Petrosian ((アルメニア語:Սիմոն Արշակի Տեր-Պետրոսյան), (グルジア語:სიმონ არშაკის ძე ტერ-პეტროსიანი), (ロシア語:Симон Аршакович Тер-Петросян), 27 May 1882 – 14 July 1922), was an Old Bolshevik revolutionary of Armenian-Georgian ethnicity and an early companion to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. From 1903–1912, Kamo, a master of disguise, carried out a number of militant operations on behalf of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, mostly in Georgia, then part of the Russian Empire. He is best known for his central role in the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery, organised by Bolshevik leaders to raise funds for their party activities. For his militant activities he was arrested in Berlin in 1907 but simulated insanity both in German and later Russian prisons, eventually escaping from prison and fleeing the country. He was recaptured in 1912 after another attempted armed robbery and sentenced to death. The death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment as part of the celebrations of the Romanov dynasty tricentennial. Kamo was released after the February 1917 Russian Revolution. He died in 1922 after being hit by a truck while riding a bicycle in Tiflis.〔(Советская военная энциклопедия: "Погиб при автомобильной катастрофе." )〕 Kamo was buried and had a monument erected in his honor in Pushkin Gardens, near Yerevan Square, but this monument was later removed during Stalin's rule, and Kamo's remains moved to an unknown location. The name "Kamo" originated from Ter-Petrosian's lack of fluency in the Russian language. During school lessons as a child, Ter-Petrosian attempted to ask the teacher, "What?" (, "Чему?") but instead replied with "to whom?" :"Kamo?" This error entertained his friends so much that he was known as Kamo ((ロシア語:Камо)) for the rest of his life.〔Official Record No. 28; Interrogation of Kamo in Tiflis, 19 October 1909: «Ещё тогда, я учился в горийском городском училище, меня товарищи в насмешку называли «Каму» за то, что я неудачно отвечал один раз по-русски, на вопрос учителя вместо «чему», я сказал «каму».〕 ==Early life (1882-1902)== Simon Ter-Petrosian was born in Gori, Tiflis Governorate to an Armenian father and a Georgian mother. His father was a wealthy contractor. As a child, Kamo liked to get into fights with his peers and would come home beaten. When he was 7, his parents hired a personal tutor who tried to teach him how to read and write Russian. In 1892, when he was 10 years old, he witnessed a public execution of two people in Gori, ordered to hang by the local Georgian noble. Stepan Shahumyan, who later also became a notable Bolshevik, saw the scene as well. Kamo's grandfather, a priest, wanted to send him to the Tiflis Theological Seminary, but his mother felt he was too young to go away to school. As a result, Kamo stayed at home and was enrolled in 1895 in a local school, where he remained for three years until being expelled. Ter-Petrosian later recounted his experiences in the local school: During the three years I spent at school, I not only failed to learn a single thing, but what's more, I forgot what I had learned previously. I forgot entirely how to speak Russian and I was a terrible student. In my spare time, I would go fishing or steal fruit. On a few occasions I was almost caught. But when I reached high school, I grew fond of geography and history. I loved to read about wars and heroes. I was deeply religious and sang in the church choir. After being expelled, Kamo was sent off to Tiflis to enter the seminary as his grandfather had desired. In Tiflis, Ter-Petrosian met Joseph Stalin (real name, Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili), whose mother, Ketevan, was a friend of Kamo's father. Stalin was a day student at the seminary and helped Ter-Petrosian prepare to enter the seminary. Stalin was expelled from the seminary in 1899; followed by Kamo, who was expelled in 1901. Kamo rejoined Stalin, who tried to teach him Marxism and better Russian but gave up in despair. He had wanted to be an army officer but his father had just gone bankrupt, losing all control over his son. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kamo (Bolshevik)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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